1. Problem: Bottom Blowout — The Billion-Dollar Mining Logistics Failure Mining operations handling high-density mineral powders — barite (bulk density 1800-2200 kg/m³), iron ore concentrate (2000-2500 kg/m³), and manganese dioxide (1700-2100 kg/m³) — exert hydrostatic pressures at the FIBC bottom that exceed the design assumptions of standard bulk bags. A cubic meter of barite powder weighs 2.2 tonnes, generating a static bottom pressure of approximately 22 kPa — 3-4* the